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With research staff from more than 60 countries, and offices across the globe, IFPRI provides research-based policy solutions to sustainably reduce poverty and end hunger and malnutrition in developing countries.

researcher spotlight

Kalyani Raghunathan

Kalyani Raghunathan is Research Fellow in the Poverty, Gender, and Inclusion Unit, based in New Delhi, India. Her research lies at the intersection of agriculture, gender, social protection, and public health and nutrition, with a specific focus on South Asia and Africa. 

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IFPRI currently has more than 600 employees working in over 80 countries with a wide range of local, national, and international partners.

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experts

Development Strategies and Governance

Phyo Thandar Naing

Research Analyst

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Bio

Phyo Thandar Naing is a Research Analyst with the Development Strategies and Governance Unit, and is based at IFPRI-Yangon.

Development Strategies and Governance

Publications

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Book Chapter

Agricultural land: Inequality and insecurity

2024Lambrecht, Isabel B.; Belton, Ben; Fang, Peixun; Minten, Bart; Naing, Phyo Thandar
Details

Agricultural land: Inequality and insecurity

Land is indispensable to agricultural production and, thus, a critical resource in sustaining agriculture-based livelihoods. Moreover, land as property may facilitate access to credit when used as collateral, further facilitating productive activities. Land ownership also constitutes a buffer against shocks, as it can often be rented out, mortgaged, or sold when cash needs are high.

Year published

2024

Authors

Lambrecht, Isabel B.; Belton, Ben; Fang, Peixun; Minten, Bart; Naing, Phyo Thandar

Citation

Lambrecht, Isabel B.; Belton, Ben; Fang, Peixun; Minten, Bart; and Naing, Phyo Thandar. 2024. Agricultural land: Inequality and insecurity. In Myanmar’s agrifood system: Historical development, recent shocks, future opportunities. Boughton, Duncan; Belton, Ben; Lambrecht, Isabel B.; Masias, Ian; and Minten, Bart (Eds.). Chapter 6, pp. 149-170. https://hdl.handle.net/10568/155256

Country/Region

Myanmar

Keywords

Asia; South-eastern Asia; Farmland; Equality; Tenure Insecurity; Livelihoods

Language

English

Access/Licence

Open AccessCC-BY-4.0

Source

Source record

Record type

Book Chapter

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Book Chapter

Crop production: An engine in need of an upgrade

2024Aung, Nilar; San, Cho Cho; Boughton, Duncan; Minten, Bart; Naing, Phyo Thandar; Belton, Ben; Lambrecht, Isabel
Details

Crop production: An engine in need of an upgrade

According to the Myanmar Living Conditions Survey (MLCS) undertaken in 2017, 54 percent of rural households and 8.4 percent of urban households earn some of their income from crop farming (CSO, UNDP, and World Bank 2020). As seen in Chapter 2, crop production has important value-added and employment linkages upstream and downstream from farms, including in fertilizer and chemical input supply, mechanization services, transport, processing, wholesale and retail distribution, and exports. Crop production also provides the majority of the nation’s calorie intake as well as raw material for processed animal feed. However, as Chapter 3 shows, with maize as the one exception, the crop sector itself has not grown in recent years due to decades of underinvestment in agricultural research, limited transport infrastructure, and highly variable prices for export crops. This chapter provides a more detailed picture of the spatial distribution of crop production and production technologies, which is relevant to the discussion in Chapter 18 on regional variations in rural livelihoods.

Year published

2024

Authors

Aung, Nilar; San, Cho Cho; Boughton, Duncan; Minten, Bart; Naing, Phyo Thandar; Belton, Ben; Lambrecht, Isabel

Citation

Aung, Nilar; San, Cho Cho; Boughton, Duncan; Minten, Bart; Naing, Phyo Thandar; Belton, Ben; and Lambrecht, Isabel. 2024. Crop production: An engine in need of an upgrade. In Myanmar’s agrifood system: Historical development, recent shocks, future opportunities, Duncan Boughton, Ben Belton, Isabel Lambrecht, and Bart Minten, eds. Chapter 8, Pp. 201-220. https://hdl.handle.net/10568/155184

Country/Region

Myanmar

Keywords

Asia; Agrifood Systems; Crop Production; Development; Economic Shock; Governance; Spatial Distribution

Language

English

Access/Licence

Open AccessCC-BY-4.0

Source

Source record

Record type

Book Chapter

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Book Chapter

Farm commercialization: A transformation on hold or in reverse?

2024Minten, Bart; Fang, Peixun; Naing, Phyo Thandar; Aung, Zin Wai; Win, Hnin Ei
Details

Farm commercialization: A transformation on hold or in reverse?

When food systems transform, farmers’ interactions with markets change dramatically. With changes from traditional to transitional to modern systems—as defined by Reardon and Minten (2021)— farmers move from mostly subsistence-oriented agriculture with few market interactions toward heavy reliance on spot markets for inputs, outputs, and services, and ultimately to contract farming. Such reliance on markets during these transformation processes has been shown to lead to significant improvements in farm performance and in agricultural households’ welfare. However, in a number of low- and middle-income countries, there is often a lack of clarity regarding which stage of transformation farms have reached and how to expedite such transformations. There is limited understanding of agricultural markets and farm commercialization in Myanmar in particular because of a lack of nationally representative and updated data on the farm sector. Moreover, over the past decade, the country has undergone substantial changes in its economic and agricultural market policies, as well as major COVID-19 and military coup shocks. This has all had significant impacts on the farm commercialization situation. To understand farm commercialization and its evolution, then, we first need an overview of these policy changes and shocks.

Year published

2024

Authors

Minten, Bart; Fang, Peixun; Naing, Phyo Thandar; Aung, Zin Wai; Win, Hnin Ei

Citation

Minten, Bart; Fang, Peixun; Naing, Phyo Thandar; Aung, Zin Wai; and Win, Hnin Ei. 2024. Farm commercialization: A transformation on hold or in reverse? In Myanmar’s agrifood system: Historical development, recent shocks, future opportunities, Duncan Boughton, Ben Belton, Isabel Lambrecht, and Bart Minten, eds. Chapter 10, Pp. 245-277. https://hdl.handle.net/10568/155182

Country/Region

Myanmar

Keywords

Asia; South-eastern Asia; Agrifood Systems; Commercialization; Development; Economic Shock; Farms; Governance

Language

English

Access/Licence

Open AccessCC-BY-4.0

Source

Source record

Record type

Book Chapter