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With research staff from more than 60 countries, and offices across the globe, IFPRI provides research-based policy solutions to sustainably reduce poverty and end hunger and malnutrition in developing countries.

researcher spotlight

Kalyani Raghunathan

Kalyani Raghunathan is Research Fellow in the Poverty, Gender, and Inclusion Unit, based in New Delhi, India. Her research lies at the intersection of agriculture, gender, social protection, and public health and nutrition, with a specific focus on South Asia and Africa. 

Where we work

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IFPRI currently has more than 600 employees working in over 80 countries with a wide range of local, national, and international partners.

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experts

Development Strategies and Governance

Hnin Ei Win

Research Analyst

Bio

Hnin Ei Win is a Research Analyst with the Development Strategies and Governance Unit, and is based at IFPRI-Yangon.

Publications

Publications

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Book Chapter

Women and youth in agriculture

2024Lambrecht, Isabel; Mahrt, Kristi; Cho, Ame; Win, Hnin Ei
Details

Women and youth in agriculture

Gendered social and cultural norms often strongly emphasize women’s roles as caregivers. Such norms may, in turn, contribute to gender patterns in economic activity, including agricultural activity. Meanwhile, youth are at a critical stage in their lives as they transition from being “dependent” household members to a more independent stage of life, with increasing caregiving and income-generating responsibilities. There may, therefore, be generational differences between youth and non-youth in terms of their contributions to economic activities—including the extent to which they are involved in one sector or another. Knowing and understanding the gendered and generational contributions and roles of women, men, and youth in rural livelihoods and the inequalities therein are critical to designing policies and interventions. Without such evidence, policies and projects risk being designed on the basis of false assumptions, at best lowering efficiency and, at worst, leading to harmful outcomes. So far, only a handful of studies have described gender roles in Myanmar agriculture, and these rely on case study evidence and qualitative data. Little quantitative evidence is available about women’s and youth’s roles in agriculture in Myanmar and, more broadly, in the rural economy.

Year published

2024

Authors

Lambrecht, Isabel; Mahrt, Kristi; Cho, Ame; Win, Hnin Ei

Citation

Lambrecht, Isabel; Mahrt, Kristi; Cho, Ame; and Win, Hnin Ei. 2024. Women and youth in agriculture. In Myanmar’s agrifood system: Historical development, recent shocks, future opportunities. Boughton, Duncan; Belton, Ben; Lambrecht, Isabel B.; Masias, Ian; and Minten, Bart (Eds.). Chapter 17, Pp. 467-490. https://hdl.handle.net/10568/155203

Country/Region

Myanmar

Keywords

South-eastern Asia; Women; Gender; Agriculture; Youth; Economic Activities; Rural Livelihoods

Language

English

Access/Licence

Open AccessCC-BY-4.0

Source

Source record

Record type

Book Chapter

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Book Chapter

Farm commercialization: A transformation on hold or in reverse?

2024Minten, Bart; Fang, Peixun; Naing, Phyo Thandar; Aung, Zin Wai; Win, Hnin Ei
Details

Farm commercialization: A transformation on hold or in reverse?

When food systems transform, farmers’ interactions with markets change dramatically. With changes from traditional to transitional to modern systems—as defined by Reardon and Minten (2021)— farmers move from mostly subsistence-oriented agriculture with few market interactions toward heavy reliance on spot markets for inputs, outputs, and services, and ultimately to contract farming. Such reliance on markets during these transformation processes has been shown to lead to significant improvements in farm performance and in agricultural households’ welfare. However, in a number of low- and middle-income countries, there is often a lack of clarity regarding which stage of transformation farms have reached and how to expedite such transformations. There is limited understanding of agricultural markets and farm commercialization in Myanmar in particular because of a lack of nationally representative and updated data on the farm sector. Moreover, over the past decade, the country has undergone substantial changes in its economic and agricultural market policies, as well as major COVID-19 and military coup shocks. This has all had significant impacts on the farm commercialization situation. To understand farm commercialization and its evolution, then, we first need an overview of these policy changes and shocks.

Year published

2024

Authors

Minten, Bart; Fang, Peixun; Naing, Phyo Thandar; Aung, Zin Wai; Win, Hnin Ei

Citation

Minten, Bart; Fang, Peixun; Naing, Phyo Thandar; Aung, Zin Wai; and Win, Hnin Ei. 2024. Farm commercialization: A transformation on hold or in reverse? In Myanmar’s agrifood system: Historical development, recent shocks, future opportunities, Duncan Boughton, Ben Belton, Isabel Lambrecht, and Bart Minten, eds. Chapter 10, Pp. 245-277. https://hdl.handle.net/10568/155182

Country/Region

Myanmar

Keywords

Asia; South-eastern Asia; Agrifood Systems; Commercialization; Development; Economic Shock; Farms; Governance

Language

English

Access/Licence

Open AccessCC-BY-4.0

Source

Source record

Record type

Book Chapter

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Book Chapter

Migration trends and implications

2024Filipski, Mateusz; Belton, Ben; van Asselt, Joanna; Hein, Aung; Zu, A Myint; Htoo, Kyan; Win, Myat Thida; Thu, Eaindra Theint Theint; Htun, Khun Moe; Ei, Hnin
Details

Migration trends and implications

Following economic and political reforms initiated in 2011, the country’s population has been adapting rapidly to new opportunities and challenges, including through relocation and migration. This chapter describes some of the patterns and dynamics related to these population flows, as well as their consequences for Myanmar’s rural economy. Most of the chapter is based on data collected prior to the triple crises, but recent analyses allow us to give an overview of the migration landscape in the post-2020 era at the end of the chapter (MAPSA 2024c). These analyses confirm that overall migration dynamics have largely persisted.

Year published

2024

Authors

Filipski, Mateusz; Belton, Ben; van Asselt, Joanna; Hein, Aung; Zu, A Myint; Htoo, Kyan; Win, Myat Thida; Thu, Eaindra Theint Theint; Htun, Khun Moe; Ei, Hnin

Citation

Filipski, Mateusz; Belton, Ben; van Asselt, Joanna; Hein, Aung; Zu, A Myint; Htoo, Kyan; Win, Myat Thida; Thu, Eaindra Theint Theint; Htun, Khun Moe; and Ei, Hnin. 2024. Migration trends and implications. In Myanmar’s agrifood system: Historical development, recent shocks, future opportunities. Boughton, Duncan; Belton, Ben; Lambrecht, Isabel B.; Masias, Ian; and Minten, Bart (Eds.). Chapter 15, Pp. 409-437. https://hdl.handle.net/10568/155157

Country/Region

Myanmar

Keywords

South-eastern Asia; Migration; Rural Economics; Shock; Conflicts; Income

Language

English

Access/Licence

Open AccessCC-BY-4.0

Source

Source record

Record type

Book Chapter

Research

Topics/Countries