IFPRI CGIAR
Subscribe

Back

Who we are

With research staff from more than 60 countries, and offices across the globe, IFPRI provides research-based policy solutions to sustainably reduce poverty and end hunger and malnutrition in developing countries.

researcher spotlight

Kalyani Raghunathan

Kalyani Raghunathan is Research Fellow in the Poverty, Gender, and Inclusion Unit, based in New Delhi, India. Her research lies at the intersection of agriculture, gender, social protection, and public health and nutrition, with a specific focus on South Asia and Africa. 

Where we work

Back

Where we work

IFPRI currently has more than 600 employees working in over 80 countries with a wide range of local, national, and international partners.

IFPRI Regional Programs

IFPRI Country Programs

Research by country and region

Subscribe
The Earth Planet

Rwanda

countries and regions

Publications

Resource thumbnail

Working Paper

Systematic risk profiling: A novel approach with applications to Kenya, Rwanda, and Malawi

2024Mukashov, Askar; Robinson, Sherman; Thurlow, James; Arndt, Channing; Thomas, Timothy S.
Details

Systematic risk profiling: A novel approach with applications to Kenya, Rwanda, and Malawi

This paper uses machine learning, simulation, and data mining methods to develop Systematic Risk Profiles of three developing economies: Kenya, Rwanda, and Malawi. We focus on three exogenous shocks with implications for economic performance: world market prices, capital flows, and climate-driven sectoral productivity. In these and other developing countries, recent decades have been characterized by increased risks associated with all these factors, and there is a demand for instruments that can help to disentangle them. For each country, we utilize historical data to develop multi-variate distributions of shocks. We then sample from these distributions to obtain a series of shock vectors, which we label economic uncertainty scenarios. These scenarios are then entered into economywide computable general equilibrium (CGE) simulation models for the three countries, which allow us to quantify the impact of increased uncertainty on major economic indicators. Finally, we utilize importance metrics from the random forest machine learning algorithm and relative importance metrics from multiple linear regression models to quantify the importance of country-specific risk factors for country performance. We find that Malawi and Rwanda are more vulnerable to sectoral productivity shocks, and Kenya is more exposed to external risks. These findings suggest that a country’s level of development and integration into the global economy are key driving forces defining their risk profiles. The methodology of Systematic Risk Profiling can be applied to many other countries, delineating country-specific risks and vulnerabilities.

Year published

2024

Authors

Mukashov, Askar; Robinson, Sherman; Thurlow, James; Arndt, Channing; Thomas, Timothy S.

Citation

Mukashov, Askar; Robinson, Sherman; Thurlow, James; Arndt, Channing; and Thomas, Timothy S. 2024. Systematic risk profiling: A novel approach with applications to Kenya, Rwanda, and Malawi. IFPRI Discussion Paper 2286. Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute.

Country/Region

Kenya; Rwanda; Malawi

Keywords

Africa; Eastern Africa; Sub-saharan Africa; Climate; Computable General Equilibrium Models; Machine Learning; Risk; Uncertainty

Language

English

Access/Licence

Open Access

Source

Source record

Project

Foresight

Record type

Working Paper

Resource thumbnail

Brief

Synopsis: Enhancing rural income diversification in Rwanda: Opportunities and challenges

2024Schmidt, Emily; Mugabo, Serge; Rosenbach, Gracie
Details

Synopsis: Enhancing rural income diversification in Rwanda: Opportunities and challenges

This study describes the employment patterns of rural households in Rwanda and explores their challenges and opportunities for rural income diversification. Detailed analysis using a 2022 rural household smallholder survey on agricultural production and employment in Rwanda, reveals that: • Agricultural wage labor is the dominant source of off-farm income and is the primary means of supplementing rural household income. This is different than other LMICs where households are more likely to develop nonfarm enterprises that bring in extra income and diversify the rural economy towards more value-added output while also increasing demand for rural inputs. • This research suggests that factors like access to education and financial services are key factors to employment decisions and improved rural urban linkages.

Year published

2024

Authors

Schmidt, Emily; Mugabo, Serge; Rosenbach, Gracie

Citation

Schmidt, Emily; Mugabo, Serge; and Rosenbach, Gracie. 2024. Synopsis: Enhancing rural income diversification in Rwanda: Opportunities and challenges. Rwanda Strategy Support Program Policy Note 16. Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute. https://hdl.handle.net/10568/155441

Country/Region

Rwanda

Keywords

Africa; Eastern Africa; Employment; Rural Population; Households; Income; Diversification; Agricultural Production; Access to Finance; Education

Language

English

Access/Licence

Open AccessCC-BY-4.0

Source

Source record

Project

National Policies and Strategies

Record type

Brief

Resource thumbnail

Data Paper

2022 Social Accounting Matrix for Rwanda: A Nexus Project SAM

2024International Food Policy Research Institute
Details

2022 Social Accounting Matrix for Rwanda: A Nexus Project SAM

The 2022 Rwanda Social Accounting Matrix (SAM) follows IFPRI’s Standard Nexus SAM approach, by focusing on consistency, comparability, and transparency of data. The Nexus SAMs available on IFPRI’s website separates domestic production into 42 activities. Factors are disaggregated into labor, agricultural land, and capital, with labor further disaggregated across three education-based categories. The household account is divided into 10 representative household groups: Rural and urban households across per capita consumption quintiles. Nexus SAMs support the improvement of model-based research and policy analysis in developing countries and allow for more robust cross-country comparisons of national economic structures, especially agriculture-food systems.

Year published

2024

Authors

International Food Policy Research Institute

Citation

International Food Policy Research Institute. 2024. 2022 Social Accounting Matrix for Rwanda: A Nexus Project SAM. Data Paper. Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute. handle: 10568/155102. https://hdl.handle.net/10568/155102.

Country/Region

Rwanda

Keywords

Africa; Eastern Africa; Sub-saharan Africa; Macroeconomics; Computable General Equilibrium Models; Household Consumption; Household Expenditure; Economic Indicators; Agrifood Systems; Taxes; Labour; Social Accounting Matrix

Language

English

Access/Licence

Open AccessCC-BY-4.0

Source

Source record

Project

Foresight

Record type

Data Paper

Datasets

Dataset

COVID-19 Impact on Rural Men and Women in Rwanda, Round 2

2023International Food Policy Research Institute
Details

COVID-19 Impact on Rural Men and Women in Rwanda, Round 2

This dataset is the result of a phone survey set up to measure the impact of COVID-19 on rural people in Rwanda. The impact of COVID-19 can affect women and men in different ways: as an income shock (directly or indirectly); as a health and caring shock; as a shock of mobility (affecting access to water, food, firewood, schooling); and as a risk of increased domestic conflict and violence. To capture these various effects on household welfare, this phone survey was conducted with (around) 500 individuals randomly drawn from an existing list of phone numbers collected from previous household surveys with 223women and 278 men. At the time of data collection, COVID-19 caseloads were considerably slowing in Rwanda. The focus was on the socioeconomic impacts of COVID-19 on work and income; food and nutrition security; mobility and migration; household conflicts during the pandemic and access to services. The same individuals were also interviewed during other rounds to generate a longitudinal panel allowing for analysis of the impact of COVID-19 through time.

Year published

2023

Authors

International Food Policy Research Institute

Citation

International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). 2022. COVID-19 Impact on Rural Men and Women in Rwanda, Round 2. Washington, DC: IFPRI [dataset]. https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/J6EAD6. Harvard Dataverse. Version 1.

Country/Region

Rwanda

Keywords

West and Central Africa; Sub-saharan Africa; Africa; Covid-19; Rural Areas; Men; Women; Health; Shock

Language

English

Access/Licence

Open AccessCC-BY-4.0

Links

https://doi.org/10.7910/dvn/j6ead6 Source record

Project

Gender

Record type

Dataset

Dataset

COVID-19 Impact on Rural Men and Women in Rwanda, Round 1

2023International Food Policy Research Institute
Details

COVID-19 Impact on Rural Men and Women in Rwanda, Round 1

This dataset is the result of a phone survey set up to measure the impact of COVID-19 on rural people in Rwanda. The impact of COVID-19 can affect women and men in different ways: as an income shock (directly or indirectly); as a health and caring shock; as a shock of mobility (affecting access to water, food, firewood, schooling); and as a risk of increased domestic conflict and violence. To capture these various effects on household welfare, this phone survey was conducted with (around) 500 individuals randomly drawn from an existing list of phone numbers collected from previous household surveys with 178 women and 322 men. At the time of data collection, COVID-19 cases had considerably risen in Rwanda. The focus was on the socioeconomic impacts of COVID-19 on work and income; food and nutrition security; mobility and migration; household conflicts during the pandemic and access to services. The same individuals were also interviewed during other rounds to generate a longitudinal panel allowing for analysis of the impact of COVID-19 through time.

Year published

2023

Authors

International Food Policy Research Institute

Citation

International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). 2022. COVID-19 Impact on Rural Men and Women in Rwanda, Round 1. Washington, DC: IFPRI [dataset]. https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/FSSHMK. Harvard Dataverse. Version 1.

Country/Region

Rwanda

Keywords

West and Central Africa; Sub-saharan Africa; Africa; Covid-19; Rural Areas; Men; Women; Health; Shock

Language

English

Access/Licence

Open AccessCC-BY-4.0

Links

https://doi.org/10.7910/dvn/fsshmk Source record

Record type

Dataset

Dataset

2021 Social Accounting Matrix for Rwanda

2022International Food Policy Research Institute; Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning of Rwanda; National Institute of Statistics of Rwanda
Details

2021 Social Accounting Matrix for Rwanda

The Nexus Project is a collaboration between IFPRI and its partners, including national statistical agencies and research institutions. Our aim is to improve the quality of social accounting matrices (SAMs) used for computable general equilibrium (CGE) modeling. The Nexus Project develops toolkits and establishes common data standards, procedures, and classification systems for constructing and updating national SAMs. The 2021 Rwanda SAM follows the Standard Nexus Structure. The open access version of the Rwanda SAM separates domestic production into 42 activities. Factors are disaggregated into labor, agricultural land, and capital. Labor is further disaggregated across three education categories. Representative households are disaggregated by rural and urban areas and by per capita expenditure quintile. The remaining accounts include enterprises, government, taxes, savings-and-investment, and the rest of the word.

Year published

2022

Authors

International Food Policy Research Institute; Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning of Rwanda; National Institute of Statistics of Rwanda

Citation

International Food Policy Research Institute; Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning of Rwanda; National Institute of Statistics of Rwanda. 2022. 2021 Social Accounting Matrix for Rwanda. Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute [dataset]. https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/8YUDJB. Harvard Dataverse. Version 1.

Country/Region

Rwanda

Keywords

Africa; Sub-saharan Africa; Eastern Africa; National Accounting; Taxes; Household Expenditure; Labour; Social Accounting Matrix; Economic Indicators; Sex-disaggregated Data; Household Consumption

Language

English

Access/Licence

Open AccessCC-BY-4.0

Links

https://doi.org/10.7910/dvn/8yudjb Source record

Project

Foresight

Record type

Dataset

Blogs

Developing Local Extension Capacity (DLEC) project: Finding more effective ways to deliver vital information and innovation to farmers
IFPRI Blog
 | 
December 19, 2023

Developing Local Extension Capacity (DLEC) project: Finding more effective ways to deliver vital information and innovation to farmers

By Kristin Davis and Eleanor Jones

Helping smallholders tap new technologies.

IFPRI’s new COVID-19 Food Price Monitor tracks warning signs of stress in local markets
IFPRI Blog
 | 
May 05, 2020

IFPRI’s new COVID-19 Food Price Monitor tracks warning signs of stress in local markets

By Manuel Hernandez, Soonho Kim, Brendan Rice, and Rob Vos

Spotting the red flag of spiking prices can speed interventions to head off bigger food security problems.

National policy dialogue: Charting Rwanda's agricultural transformation
IFPRI Blog
 | 
March 12, 2020

National policy dialogue: Charting Rwanda’s agricultural transformation

By Seth Kwizera, Claude Bizimana, and David J. Spielman

Researchers and policy makers must collaborate to implement a national strategic plan.

View all Blogs

Events

Africa Food Systems Forum 2024 Summit
IFPRI at External Event

 | 

September 2 to 6, 2024

Africa Food Systems Forum 2024 Summit

The Africa Food Systems Forum 2024 annual summit will be a timely opportunity to convene diverse stakeholders, including world leaders, investors, academia, farmers’ organizations, and the private sector, to spotlight innovations, technologies, best practices, business models, policy delivery mechanisms, and investments to accelerate food systems transformation in Africa and beyond, with youth and women at […]

African Green Revolution Forum (AGRF)
IFPRI at External Event

 | 

September 5 to 9, 2022

African Green Revolution Forum (AGRF)

Virtual Event: September 5, 2022 – 1:30 AM to September 9, 2022 – 3:00 PM EDT. IFPRI’s Director General Johan Swinnen is participating in the African Green Revolution Forum 2022 (AGRF).

2022 Agricultural & Applied Economics Association (AAEA) Annual Meeting
IFPRI at External Event

 | 

July 31 to August 2, 2022

2022 Agricultural & Applied Economics Association (AAEA) Annual Meeting

Virtual Event: July 31, 2022 – 10:00 AM to August 2, 2022 – 6:15 PM PDT. IFPRI is participating in the 2022 Agricultural & Applied Economics Association (AAEA) Annual Meeting.

View all Events

News

February 01, 2023 | In the News

How to transform African agriculture (Project Syndicate) 

In a report on trends for African agriculture, Project Syndicate wrote that with soaring food prices, climate change, and rapid population growth undermining food security in Africa, the continent is in dire need of an agricultural revolution. While the pandemic and the war in Ukraine have exacerbated global food insecurity, throwing millions into extreme poverty […]

November 24, 2021 | In the News

Rwanda: $ 33 million from BRD and EIB to support companies hit by Covid-19 (Agency Cofin)

Agency Cofin published an article stating that Rwanda is preparing, with the help of its partners, for post-covid economic recovery. As such, a number of sources of financing have been implemented in order to facilitate the recovery of the various key sectors of the economy. According to IFPRI, the lockdown has increased the poverty rate by 10.9 percentage […]

March 31, 2021 | In the News

Rwanda banks on tech to get 18% households out of food insecurity (The New Times)

The New Times (Rwanda) published an article stating that experts in the agriculture sector have called for robust efforts to increase production and availability of nutritious food following revelations that over 18 percent of the country’s households face food insecurity. The solutions, experts say, could help to eliminate the stunting rate and achieve zero hunger by 2025 in […]

View all News

Projects

Spatial Typologies for Targeted Food and Nutrition Security Interventions

Spatial Typologies for Targeted Food and Nutrition Security Interventions

…

Strengthening Food Systems to Promote Increased Value Chain Employment Opportunities for Youth

Strengthening Food Systems to Promote Increased Value Chain Employment Opportunities for Youth

…

Prioritizing agricultural investments for income, poverty reduction, and nutrition

Prioritizing agricultural investments for income, poverty reduction, and nutrition

…

View all Projects