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With research staff from more than 60 countries, and offices across the globe, IFPRI provides research-based policy solutions to sustainably reduce poverty and end hunger and malnutrition in developing countries.

researcher spotlight

Liangzhi You

Liangzhi You is a Senior Research Fellow and theme leader in the Foresight and Policy Modeling Unit, based in Washington, DC. His research focuses on climate resilience, spatial data and analytics, agroecosystems, and agricultural science policy. Gridded crop production data of the world (SPAM) and the agricultural technology evaluation model (DREAM) are among his research contributions. 

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IFPRI currently has more than 600 employees working in over 80 countries with a wide range of local, national, and international partners.

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experts

Poverty, Gender, and Inclusion

Lucia Carrillo

Research Analyst

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Bio

Lucia Carrillo is a Research Analyst in the Poverty, Gender, and Inclusion Unit. She previously worked as a Research Assistant for the McCourt School of Public Policy and the Georgetown University Initiative on Innovation, Development and Evaluation (gui2de), supporting projects on education policy and labor markets. Previously, she worked for the National Government in Peru, specifically in the Ministry of Economy and Finance and the Ministry of Education. During her time with the  Peruvian government, Lucia focused on the design of mechanisms for improving the effectiveness of public spending and the design of conditional cash transfers for regional policy improvement. She has also worked as a Research Consultant for Innovations for Poverty Action (Peru) and as Research Assistant for the Department of Economics at the Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú. Lucia holds both  bachelor’s and master’s degrees in Economics from the Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú and a master’s degree in International Development from Georgetown University.

Poverty, Gender, and Inclusion

Publications

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Working Paper

Conflict, aspirations, and women’s empowerment: Household survey evidence from farmer-herder conflicts in Nigeria

2024Amare, Mulubrhan; Carrillo, Lucia; Kosec, Katrina; Kyle, Jordan
Details

Conflict, aspirations, and women’s empowerment: Household survey evidence from farmer-herder conflicts in Nigeria

Using original survey data from three states in rural, southwestern Nigeria, this study examines the relationship between conflict intensity at various distances and the empowerment and aspiration levels of women whose households are primarily engaged in farming. We analyze geo-coded data on violent clashes between ethnic groups that primarily herd livestock for their livelihood and those that primarily farm crops; these clashes are growing more frequent across West Africa with climate-induced land degradation, as herding populations are moving further south in search of grazing land. Our outcomes of interest include women’s economic and social aspirations, and women’s economic, social, and political behaviors that could impact their long-run empowerment. We find that exposure to higher conflict intensity is closely linked to adverse outcomes, including income loss, assault, and forced migration. Higher conflict intensity is also associated with lower women’s economic and social aspirations, though social aspirations are more affected by proximate conflicts, while economic aspirations are more affected by more distant conflicts. Women’s economic, social, and political activities also vary with conflict-affectedness. With more conflict nearby, women are more likely to own their own off-farm businesses and less likely to own an off-farm business in which they share ownership with their husband. With more exposure to distant conflicts, women devote less time to off-farm labor and more time to agricultural labor. Near conflict, women are less likely to be members of mutual aid groups and to contact government officials and more likely to engage local security groups for protection and to be members of political parties. These differences could have long-run implications for women’s empowerment.

Year published

2024

Authors

Amare, Mulubrhan; Carrillo, Lucia; Kosec, Katrina; Kyle, Jordan

Citation

Amare, Mulubrhan; Carrillo, Lucia; Kosec, Katrina; and Kyle, Jordan. 2024. Conflict, aspirations, and women’s empowerment: Household survey evidence from farmer-herder conflicts in Nigeria. HiCN Working Paper Series 421. Berlin, Germany: Households in Conflict Network.

Country/Region

Nigeria

Keywords

Africa; Western Africa; Conflicts; Household Surveys; Women’s Empowerment; Farmers; Ethnic Groups; Herds; Climate Change Impacts; Land Degradation

Language

English

Access/Licence

Open Access

Source

Source record

Project

Fragility, Conflict, and Migration

Record type

Working Paper

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Working Paper

Unlocking locally-led resilience amid conflict and climate stress: Views from community leaders in Mali on development priorities, aid distribution, and anticipatory action

2024Bleck, Jaimie; Carrillo, Lucia; Gottlieb, Jessica; Kosec, Katrina; Kyle, Jordan; Soumano, Moumouni
Details

Unlocking locally-led resilience amid conflict and climate stress: Views from community leaders in Mali on development priorities, aid distribution, and anticipatory action

We surveyed 2,919 community leaders across seven regions of Mali to provide insights on the prevalence and severity of shocks and crises across localities; which types of shocks and crises are most difficult from which to recover; the formal and informal ways in which local actors are involved in aid distribution systems; and the types of programming local actors view as most beneficial for promoting resilience. Despite increasing prevalence of conflict across localities, leaders predominately cited climate-related shocks as the most difficult from which to recover— especially droughts. We find that localities vary in the inclusiveness of local governance around aid distribution: while elected mayors are almost always involved, traditional leaders, women’s group and youth leaders in villages, civil servants, and civil society leaders are each involved in 40–60% of localities. We used both a budget allocation exercise and an experimental game in which we introduced the concept of anticipatory action (AA) programming—aid that is “triggered” by an early warning signal to arrive before a shock and mitigate its worst effects—to probe preferences over aid modality. We found that leaders see value in balancing investment across resilience programming (including AA) and humanitarian response, especially food aid. However, there is some important variation between village- and commune-level officials: village-level leaders are more likely to prioritize aid modalities that target households directly, like food aid and cash transfers, while commune-level leaders are more likely to prioritize risk prevention trainings. Our findings have important policy implications for promoting local resilience in Mali, including the importance of investing more in drought resilience, engaging actors at different levels of local governance who have different information and perspectives, and simultaneously investing in capacity-building around early warning system accuracy and dissemination.

Year published

2024

Authors

Bleck, Jaimie; Carrillo, Lucia; Gottlieb, Jessica; Kosec, Katrina; Kyle, Jordan; Soumano, Moumouni

Citation

Bleck, Jaimie; Carrillo, Lucia; Gottlieb, Jessica; Kosec, Katrina; Kyle, Jordan; and Soumano, Moumouni. 2024. Unlocking locally-led resilience amid conflict and climate stress: Views from community leaders in Mali on development priorities, aid distribution, and anticipatory action. IFPRI Discussion Paper 2272. Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute. https://hdl.handle.net/10568/152260

Country/Region

Mali

Keywords

Africa; Western Africa; Governance; Climate; Conflicts; Resilience

Language

English

Access/Licence

Open Access

Source

Source record

Project

Fragility, Conflict, and Migration

Record type

Working Paper

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Journal Article

Making complementary agricultural resources, technologies, and services more gender-responsive

2024Hidrobo, Melissa; Kosec, Katrina; Gartaula, Hom N.; Van Campenhout, Bjorn; Carrillo, Lucia
Details

Making complementary agricultural resources, technologies, and services more gender-responsive

Rural women in low- and middle-income countries face multiple constraints in accessing and benefiting from essential complementary resources, technologies, and services for agricultural production and participation in the agrifood system. This paper highlights recent thinking around these constraints and how to overcome them. The complementary factors we consider are: (1) networks and social capital, (2) information and communications technologies, (3) other agricultural tech nologies, (4) agricultural extension and advisory services, (5) financial services, and (6) social assistance. We first analyze constraints women face in accessing and benefiting from these complementary factors and describe the potential benefits of reducing these constraints and gender inequities in the agrifood system. We then provide evidence on what has been effective for improving women’s access to and ability to benefit from the six complementary factors. We conclude by highlighting the importance of considering the different preferences of men and women when designing policies and interventions; challenging customs, norms and perceptions; and reforming formal rules and institutions toward more inclusive agrifood systems.

Year published

2024

Authors

Hidrobo, Melissa; Kosec, Katrina; Gartaula, Hom N.; Van Campenhout, Bjorn; Carrillo, Lucia

Citation

Hidrobo, Melissa; Kosec, Katrina; Gartaula, Hom N.; Van Campenhout, Bjorn; and Carrillo, Lucia. 2024. Making complementary agricultural resources, technologies, and services more gender-responsive. Global Food Security 42: 100778. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gfs.2024.100778

Keywords

Women; Gender; Rural Areas; Agricultural Production; Agrifood Systems; Networks; Information and Communication Technologies; Agricultural Extension; Financial Inclusion

Language

English

Access/Licence

Open AccessCC-BY-4.0

Links

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gfs.2024.100778 Source record

Project

Gender Equality

Record type

Journal Article