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With research staff from more than 60 countries, and offices across the globe, IFPRI provides research-based policy solutions to sustainably reduce poverty and end hunger and malnutrition in developing countries.

researcher spotlight

Liangzhi You

Liangzhi You is a Senior Research Fellow and theme leader in the Foresight and Policy Modeling Unit, based in Washington, DC. His research focuses on climate resilience, spatial data and analytics, agroecosystems, and agricultural science policy. Gridded crop production data of the world (SPAM) and the agricultural technology evaluation model (DREAM) are among his research contributions. 

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IFPRI currently has more than 600 employees working in over 80 countries with a wide range of local, national, and international partners.

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Projects

The Women’s Empowerment in Agriculture Index (WEAI), launched by IFPRI, Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative (OPHI), and USAID’s Feed the Future in February 2012, is the first comprehensive and standardized measure to directly measure women’s empowerment and inclusion in the agricultural sector. The WEAI is an innovative tool composed of two sub-indices: one measures women’s empowerment across five domains in agriculture, and the other measures gender parity in empowerment within the household. The tool also measures women’s empowerment relative to men within their households.

Since the original WEAI release, multiple versions of the WEAI have been developed. The Abbreviated WEAI (A-WEAI) is a shorter version of the original that can be used in population-based surveys to measure women’s empowerment. The Project WEAI (Pro-WEAI) instrument, under development, seeks to measure women’s empowerment within project-specific contexts, and includes optional modules tailored to livestock and/or nutrition and health programs. Pro-WEAI development also draws on qualitative methods to enhance understanding of women’s empowerment in specific social and cultural contexts. The qualitative protocols for pro-WEAI are available here, and the survey instrument will be publicly available in late 2020 (currently available upon request). The pro-WEAI for market inclusion (pro-WEAI+MI), still under development, is intended to measure empowerment across agricultural value chains. Pro-WEAI+MI has been piloted in four countries, Bangladesh, Benin, Malawi and the Philippines. To access all WEAI-related materials – research instruments, protocols, publications, and more – visit the WEAI Resource Center website.

Project duration: 2012 – ongoing

Contact

Hazel Malapit

Project partners

WEAI Partners and Funders

Publications

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Journal Article

How do women’s empowerment metrics measure up? A comparative analysis

2024Bageant, Elizabeth; Lentz, Erin; Narayanan, Sudha; Jensen, Nathaniel D.; Lepariyo, Watson
Details

How do women’s empowerment metrics measure up? A comparative analysis

Research has identified women’s empowerment as a critical factor for nutritional outcomes and a priority area for understanding women’s mental health status. At the same time, there is no consensus on how empowerment should be measured. The surrounding debate has produced several empowerment metrics that are widely used, yet we know little about whether they can be substituted for one another or their respective strengths and weaknesses. Using data collected from a single sample of women from rural, northern Kenya, we compare five empowerment metrics: The Project-level Women’s Empowerment in Agriculture Index (pro-WEAI) and associated Health and Nutrition Module (HN), Women’s Empowerment in Nutrition Index (WENI), Women’s Empowerment in Livestock Index (WELI), and the Survey Based Women’s Empowerment Index (SWPER). The metrics have shared theoretical origins and are commonly used in the food, nutrition and health spaces to study rural women’s lives across low- and middle-income countries. We examine the metrics’ characteristics, distributions, pairwise correlations and capacity of each metric to predict outcomes often associated with the concept of empowerment: body mass index (BMI) and the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D). We find striking differences between these common empowerment metrics. The metrics’ correlations with one another are highly variable as are the predictive capacities for both outcomes. Further, our analysis finds that the choice of metric can dramatically influence which individuals are identified as empowered. In sum, our results suggest that while these metrics are used in remarkably similar ways to understand rural women’s empowerment and its consequences, unless they are computed with many identical survey questions, the metrics do not capture the same underlying concept and are not interchangeable. We recommend that our work be replicated elsewhere and caution should be taken when implementing and interpreting research using these metrics, as findings may be highly sensitive to the choice of metric.

Year published

2024

Authors

Bageant, Elizabeth; Lentz, Erin; Narayanan, Sudha; Jensen, Nathaniel D.; Lepariyo, Watson

Citation

Bageant, Elizabeth; Lentz, Erin; Narayanan, Sudha; Jensen, Nathan; and Lepariyo, Watson. 2024. How do women’s empowerment metrics measure up? A comparative analysis. Food Policy 129(November 2024): 102764. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodpol.2024.102764

Country/Region

Kenya

Keywords

Africa; Eastern Africa; Sub-saharan Africa; Women’s Empowerment; Nutrition; Mental Health; Women; Data

Language

English

Access/Licence

Open AccessCC-BY-4.0

Links

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodpol.2024.102764 Source record

Project

Livestock

Record type

Journal Article

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Working Paper

Task or time? Comparing methods for measuring the gender distribution of work

2024Banerjee, Archis; Kumar, Neha; Quisumbing, Agnes R.
Details

Task or time? Comparing methods for measuring the gender distribution of work

There is growing evidence that gender disparities in the distribution of paid and unpaid work impose constraints on women’s well-being and livelihoods, reducing access to paid employment, and time for education, leisure, and social activities. Yet, gender disparities in unpaid work often go undiagnosed by traditional household surveys. While time-use surveys are well-suited for measuring unpaid work, they are often expensive to administer and take substantial amounts of survey time, leading to respondent fatigue, particularly in multi-topic surveys where other outcomes are also being collected. In this paper, we compare data collected using the task allocation module in the Transforming Agrifood Systems in South Asia (TAFSSA) integrated household survey and the time-use module in the Women’s Empowerment in Agriculture Index (WEAI) survey. We begin by describing the methods used to collect the data in each of the surveys. We present an overview of the characteristics of the study sites in the TAFSSA integrated survey and sites in the same countries where the WEAI data were collected. We then present comparable data from each of the two methods. The findings confirm the gendered patterns in involvement in different activities as measured by both survey modules. While women’s participation in agricultural activities is high across Bangladesh, India, and Nepal, the amount of time they spend on agricultural activities is less than that spent by men. Both survey tools confirm that women undertake most of the food preparation-related activities, and men contribute through shopping/purchasing food.

Year published

2024

Authors

Banerjee, Archis; Kumar, Neha; Quisumbing, Agnes R.

Citation

Banerjee, Archis; Kumar, Neha; and Quisumbing, Agnes R. 2024. Task or time? Comparing methods for measuring the gender distribution of work. IFPRI Discussion Paper 2277. Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute. https://hdl.handle.net/10568/152347

Country/Region

Bangladesh; India; Nepal

Keywords

Southern Asia; Asia; Time Use Patterns; Households; Gender; Unpaid Work; Women’s Empowerment; Surveys; Gender Norms

Language

English

Access/Licence

Open Access

Source

Source record

Project

Transforming Agrifood Systems in South Asia

Record type

Working Paper

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Working Paper

Can farmer collectives empower women and improve their welfare? Mixed methods evidence from India

2024Ray, Soumyajit; Raghunathan, Kalyani; Bhanjdeo, Arundhita; Heckert, Jessica
Details

Can farmer collectives empower women and improve their welfare? Mixed methods evidence from India

Farmer Producer Organizations (FPOs)—farmer collectives, often legally registered – can mitigate some of the constraints smallholder farmers face by improving their access to extension, services, and markets, especially for women. We evaluate the effects of a set of interventions delivered through women-only FPOs in Jharkhand, India, using a panel of 1200 households and a difference-in-difference model with nearest neighbor matching. A complementary qualitative study in the same areas helps triangulate and interpret our findings. The interventions aimed to improve agricultural productivity by coordinating production and improving access to services, while also providing gender sensitization trainings to FPO leaders and members. We collect household data on asset ownership and agricultural outcomes and individual data on women’s and men’s empowerment using the project-level Women’s Empowerment in Agriculture Index for Market Inclusion (pro-WEAI+MI). Our results for asset ownership, land cultivated, cropping intensity, and per acre yields, revenues or costs are statistically insignificant. Effects on men’s and women’s empowerment are mixed. While we see positive effects on women’s decisionmaking, asset ownership, control over income and attitudes towards intimate partner violence, the program is associated with an increase in workload and a reduction in active group membership for both men and women. Men appear to cede control over resources and decisionmaking to other household members. Additional analyses suggest that while some effects can occur in the short-term, others take time to accrue. FPO based interventions that aim to empower women or other marginalized groups likely require sustained investments over multiple years and will need to go beyond improving FPO functioning and increasing women’s participation to transforming social norms.

Year published

2024

Authors

Ray, Soumyajit; Raghunathan, Kalyani; Bhanjdeo, Arundhita; Heckert, Jessica

Citation

Ray, Soumyajit; Raghunathan, Kalyani; Bhanjdeo, Arundhita; and Heckert, Jessica. 2024. Can farmer collectives empower women and improve their welfare? Mixed methods evidence from India. IFPRI Discussion Paper 2267. Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute. https://hdl.handle.net/10568/151877

Country/Region

India

Keywords

Asia; Agriculture; Farmers Organizations; Cooperatives; Markets; Prices; Yields; Empowerment; Smallholders; Women; Gender

Language

English

Access/Licence

Open Access

Source

Source record

Project

Gender

Record type

Working Paper

Blogs

Adapt, assess, progress: Integrating measures of women’s empowerment into rural development projects
IFPRI Blog
 | 
May 13, 2024

Adapt, assess, progress: Integrating measures of women’s empowerment into rural development projects

By Carlo Azzarri, Sedi-Anne Boukaka, Jessica Heckert, Ruth Meinzen-Dick, Greg Seymour, and Sara Savastano

A new tool developed by IFPRI and IFAD.

Policy seminar: Scaling up the new Women’s Empowerment Metric for National Statistical Systems (WEMNS) tool
IFPRI Blog
 | 
March 07, 2024

Policy seminar: Scaling up the new Women’s Empowerment Metric for National Statistical Systems (WEMNS) tool

By Emily Myers, Flor Paz, and Jennifer Johnson

Research on gender and women’s empowerment in food systems and global development is central to IFPRI’s mission. Here we mark International Women’s Day (March 8)—with the theme “Invest in Women: Accelerate Progress”—with an account of our continuing efforts to develop and deploy metrics on women’s empowerment in agriculture. The 2015 adoption of Sustainable Development Goal […]

Making a difference: Dumplings and development
IFPRI Research Blog
 | 
July 28, 2023

Making a difference: Dumplings and development

By Emily Myers, Eleanor Jones, and Hazel Malapit

The Women’s Empowerment in Agriculture Index (WEAI) offers a variety of ingredients for local insights.

View all Blogs

Events

Assessing Progress toward Women’s Empowerment in Agricultural Development Projects
IFPRI at External Event

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September 19, 2023, 1:30 – 4:30 pm

Assessing Progress toward Women’s Empowerment in Agricultural Development Projects

Hybrid Event: September 19, 2023 – 1:30 PM to 4:30 PM CEST. This event will provide a platform for implementers and partners to discuss approaches that have worked to empower women across projects and identify implications for future programming and scaling up.

Into, Through and Beyond USAID Programs: Lessons from the Women's Empowerment in Agriculture Index
IFPRI at External Event

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March 29, 2023, 9:00 – 10:15 am

Into, Through and Beyond USAID Programs: Lessons from the Women’s Empowerment in Agriculture Index

Virtual Event: March 29, 2023 – 9:00 AM- 10:15 AM EDT. This webinar will mark the launch of two briefs, one on the use cases of WEAI in USAID projects worldwide and the other on how WEAI has informed and supported the design of policies and programs in Bangladesh.

Pro-WEAI: A New Tool for Measuring Women’s Empowerment in Agricultural Development Projects
IFPRI Program/Country Event

 | 

October 25, 2018, 9:00 – 12:00 pm

Pro-WEAI: A New Tool for Measuring Women’s Empowerment in Agricultural Development Projects

The pro-WEAI is a new survey-based index that builds on the Women’s Empowerment in Agriculture Index (WEAI) and is adapted for project use with a closer focus on aspects of empowerment related to health and nutrition. The index is being developed by IFPRI’s Gender, Agriculture, and Assets Project, Phase 2 (GAAP2), a learning and capacity-building initiative […]

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Team members

Hazel Malapit

Hazel Malapit

Senior Research Coordinator, Poverty,
Gender, and Inclusion

Hazel Malapit

Hazel Malapit

Senior Research Coordinator, Poverty,
Gender, and Inclusion

Emily Myers

Emily Myers

Senior Research Analyst, Poverty,
Gender, and Inclusion

Ara Go

Ara Go

Senior Program Manager, Poverty,
Gender, and Inclusion

Other

Related Projects

Topics/Countries

Related links