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With research staff from more than 60 countries, and offices across the globe, IFPRI provides research-based policy solutions to sustainably reduce poverty and end hunger and malnutrition in developing countries.

researcher spotlight

Carlo Azzarri

Carlo Azzarri is a Senior Research Fellow in the Innovation Policy and Scaling Unit. His work focuses on the relationships among poverty, nutrition, food security, agriculture, the environment, production, and migration—analyzed at both micro and macroeconomic levels, primarily using quantitative methods.

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Since 1975, IFPRI’s research has been informing policies and development programs to improve food security, nutrition, and livelihoods around the world.

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IFPRI currently has more than 600 employees working in over 80 countries with a wide range of local, national, and international partners.

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The Earth Planet

Sudan

countries and regions

Publications

Resource thumbnail

Brief

IFPRI-Sudan: Generating evidence-based solutions for strengthening humanitarian response and economic resilience

2025Siddig, Khalid; Abay, Kibrom A.; Kirui, Oliver K.; Abushama, Hala; Mohamed, Shima; Rakhy, Tarig
Details

IFPRI-Sudan: Generating evidence-based solutions for strengthening humanitarian response and economic resilience

Sudan is experiencing one of the most severe humanitarian and economic crises in its modern history due to the ongoing conflict between the Sudanese Armed Forces (SAF) and the Rapid Support Forces (RSF). Sudan is now suffering the largest humanitarian crisis in the world. The war has devastated livelihoods, displaced millions, and significantly weakened the country’s agrifood systems and broader economic structures. In response, the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), along with its partners, has intensified its research and policy engagement in Sudan through the Sudan Strategy Support Program (SSSP), which was launched in 2022. IFPRI’s work on Sudan is centered on addressing fragility, post-conflict recovery, resilience-building, and economic development. Its research and policy engagements focus on food security, economy-wide modeling, social protection, micro, small, and medium-sized enterprises (MSME), and agricultural resilience as it works to provide critical evidence-based insights to support recovery efforts that will enable Sudan to regain peace and economic growth and stability. Through high-frequency data collection, impact evaluations, and policy dialogues, the SSSP team has continued to deliver data-driven solutions to inform humanitarian responses, economic revitalization, and development planning in Sudan. By collaborating with organizations such as the World Food Programme (WFP), the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), the World Bank, and other CGIAR centers and initiatives, IFPRI, through SSSP, has generated information to design effective interventions for conflict-affected populations and institutions working to rebuild Sudan’s economy.

Year published

2025

Authors

Siddig, Khalid; Abay, Kibrom A.; Kirui, Oliver K.; Abushama, Hala; Mohamed, Shima; Rakhy, Tarig

Citation

Siddig, Khalid; Abay, Kibrom A.; Kirui, Oliver K.; Abushama, Hala; Mohamed, Shima; and Rakhy, Tarig. 2025. IFPRI-Sudan: Generating evidence-based solutions for strengthening humanitarian response and economic resilience. Sudan SSP Brief April 2025. Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute. https://hdl.handle.net/10568/174025

Country/Region

Sudan

Keywords

Africa; Northern Africa; Capacity Development; Economic Crises; Economic Development; Fragility; Resilience

Language

English

Access/Licence

Open Access

Source

Source record

Project

Foresight

Record type

Brief

Resource thumbnail

Brief

Sudan Strategy Support Program (SSSP): Background and research output

2025International Food Policy Research Institute
Details

Sudan Strategy Support Program (SSSP): Background and research output

The Sudan Strategy Support Program (SSSP), one of the country programs of the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), commenced operations in May 2022 from the premises of the Arab Organization for Agricultural Development, its official host institution in Sudan. Established with funding from USAID, the United States Agency for International Development, the program has also formed partnerships or received support from a number of prominent organizations, including the CGIAR Initiative on Fragility, Conflict, and Migration, the CGIAR Initiative on NEXUS Gains, the United Nations Development Programme, the World Bank, the World Food Programme, the International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas, and the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT).

Year published

2025

Authors

International Food Policy Research Institute

Citation

International Food Policy Research Institute. 2025. Sudan Strategy Support Program (SSSP): Background and research output. Sudan SSP Brief. Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute. https://hdl.handle.net/10568/174016

Country/Region

Sudan

Keywords

Africa; Northern Africa; Capacity Development; Development; Data Collection; Economic Analysis

Language

English

Access/Licence

Open Access

Source

Source record

Project

Foresight

Record type

Brief

Resource thumbnail

Working Paper

Guilty pleasures: Expenditure elasticities of ultra-processed foods and paid meals in India

2025Kishore, Avinash; Gupta, Manavi
Details

Guilty pleasures: Expenditure elasticities of ultra-processed foods and paid meals in India

The rising consumption of ultra-processed foods (UPFs) and paid food away from home (FAFH) is a growing concern for developing countries like India, which face the double burden of persistent malnutrition and increasing obesity. This paper examines the trends and drivers of UPF and paid meal consumption in rural and urban India from 2014 to 2019. Using high-frequency household consumption survey data, we estimate the expenditure elasticity of these food categories. Our results show a significant increase in the consumption of UPFs and paid meals over the study period. The expenditure elasticity of both UPF and FAFH exceeds 1 on average, indicating that they are highly responsive to income growth. Notably, poorer and urban households display higher elasticities compared to wealthier and rural households. Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition reveals that rising incomes and evolving dietary preferences contribute to the increase in UPF and paid meal consumption. These findings underscore the need for targeted interventions to promote healthier food choices, especially among lower-income groups, as India’s economy continues to grow.

Year published

2025

Authors

Kishore, Avinash; Gupta, Manavi

Citation

Kishore, Avinash; and Gupta, Manavi. 2025. Guilty pleasures: Expenditure elasticities of ultra-processed foods and paid meals in India. IFPRI Discussion Paper 2330. Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute. https://hdl.handle.net/10568/173891

Country/Region

Sudan

Keywords

Africa; Northern Africa; Agricultural Transformation; Agrifood Systems; Military Operations; Politics; Value Chains

Language

English

Access/Licence

Open Access

Source

Source record

Project

Transforming Agrifood Systems in South Asia

Record type

Working Paper

Datasets

Dataset

2021 Social Accounting Matrix for Sudan

2024International Food Policy Research Institute
Details

2021 Social Accounting Matrix for Sudan

The 2021 Sudan Social Accounting Matrix (SAM) follows IFPRI’s Standard Nexus SAM approach, by focusing on consistency, comparability, and transparency of data. The Nexus SAMs available on IFPRI’s website separates domestic production into 42 activities. Factors are disaggregated into labor, agricultural land, and capital, with labor further disaggregated across three education-based categories. The household account is divided into 10 representative household groups: Rural and urban households across per capita consumption quintiles. Nexus SAMs support the improvement of model-based research and policy analysis in developing countries and allow for more robust cross-country comparisons of national economic structures, especially agriculture-food systems.

Year published

2024

Authors

International Food Policy Research Institute

Citation

International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). 2024. 2021 Social Accounting Matrix for Sudan. Washington, DC: IFPRI [dataset]. https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/IKW7UT. Harvard Dataverse. Version 1.

Country/Region

Sudan

Keywords

Africa; Sub-saharan Africa; Northern Africa; Macroeconomic Analysis; National Accounting; Household Consumption; Household Expenditure; Taxes; Economic Indicators; Labour; Computable General Equilibrium Models; Agrifood Systems

Language

English

Access/Licence

Open AccessCC-BY-4.0

Links

https://doi.org/10.7910/dvn/ikw7ut Source record

Project

Foresight

Record type

Dataset

Dataset

2019 Social Accounting Matrix for Sudan

2023International Food Policy Research Institute
Details

2019 Social Accounting Matrix for Sudan

The Nexus Project is a collaboration between IFPRI and its partners, including national statistical agencies and research institutions. Our aim is to improve the quality of social accounting matrices (SAMs) used for computable general equilibrium (CGE) modeling. The Nexus Project develops toolkits and establishes common data standards, procedures, and classification systems for constructing and updating national SAMs. The 2019 Sudan SAM follows the Standard Nexus Structure. The open-access version of Sudan SAM separates domestic production into 77 activities producing 79 commodities. Factors are disaggregated into labor, agricultural land, and capital. Labor is further disaggregated across three education categories. Representative households are disaggregated by rural and urban areas and by per capita expenditure quintile. The remaining accounts include enterprises, government, taxes, savings-and-investment, and the rest of the world.

Year published

2023

Authors

International Food Policy Research Institute

Citation

International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). 2023. 2019 Social Accounting Matrix for Sudan. Washington, DC: IFPRI [dataset]. https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/B1FUQL. Harvard Dataverse. Version 1.

Country/Region

Sudan

Keywords

Eastern Africa; Northern Africa; Social Accounting Matrix; Household Consumption; Household Expenditure; Taxes; Economic Indicators; Labor; Sex-disaggregated Data

Language

English

Access/Licence

Open AccessCC-BY-4.0

Links

https://doi.org/10.7910/dvn/b1fuql Source record

Project

Foresight

Record type

Dataset

Dataset

2019 Social Accounting Matrix for Sudan

2023International Food Policy Research Institute
Details

2019 Social Accounting Matrix for Sudan

The Nexus Project is a collaboration between IFPRI and its partners, including national statistical agencies and research institutions. Our aim is to improve the quality of social accounting matrices (SAMs) used for computable general equilibrium (CGE) modeling. The Nexus Project develops toolkits and establishes common data standards, procedures, and classification systems for constructing and updating national SAMs. The 2019 Sudan SAM follows the Standard Nexus Structure. The open-access version of Sudan SAM separates domestic production into 77 activities producing 79 commodities. Factors are disaggregated into labor, agricultural land, and capital. Labor is further disaggregated across three education categories. Representative households are disaggregated by rural and urban areas and by per capita expenditure quintile. The remaining accounts include enterprises, government, taxes, savings-and-investment, and the rest of the world.

Year published

2023

Authors

International Food Policy Research Institute

Citation

International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). 2023. 2019 Social Accounting Matrix for Sudan. Washington, DC: IFPRI [dataset]. https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/B1FUQL. Harvard Dataverse. Version 1.

Country/Region

Sudan

Keywords

Eastern Africa; Sub-saharan Africa; Africa; National Accounting; Household Consumption; Household Expenditure; Taxes; Economic Indicators; Labour; Gender

Language

English

Access/Licence

Open AccessCC-BY-4.0

Links

https://doi.org/10.7910/dvn/b1fuql Source record

Record type

Dataset

Blogs

Sudan’s catastrophe: Farmers could offer quick postwar recovery, if peace is found
IFPRI Blog
 | 
August 16, 2024

Sudan’s catastrophe: Farmers could offer quick postwar recovery, if peace is found

By Khalid Siddig, James Thurlow, Josee Randriamamonjy, Mariam Raouf, and Mosab O. M. Ahmed

Charting economic paths forward.

Sudan’s food crisis deepens as conflict intensifies
IFPRI Blog
 | 
July 01, 2024

Sudan’s food crisis deepens as conflict intensifies

By Khalid Siddig and Rob Vos

A new famine warning.

Sudan food emergency: Unpacking the scale of the disaster and the actions needed
IFPRI Blog
 | 
June 14, 2024

Sudan food emergency: Unpacking the scale of the disaster and the actions needed

By Oliver Kiptoo Kirui

More than 20 million face acute food insecurity.

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Events

Two Years of Crisis: Impact and Pathways to Recovery and Resilience
Series/Special Event

 | 

April 14 to 15, 2025

Two Years of Crisis: Impact and Pathways to Recovery and Resilience

The Sudan conflict, now entering its third year, continues to devastate the country’s socioeconomic fabric. As of January 2025, more than 8.8 million people were internally displaced, and over 3.3 million had sought refuge in neighboring countries. Conservative reports estimate over 32,000 fatalities occurred between the start of the war on April 15, 2023, and […]

The Socio-Economic Impact of Armed Conflict on Sudanese Urban Households
IFPRI Program/Country Event

 | 

November 4, 2024, 9:00 – 12:00 pm

The Socio-Economic Impact of Armed Conflict on Sudanese Urban Households

The ongoing conflict in Sudan has been concentrated in cities, with major impacts on urban households. Large numbers of families are displaced, employment is down dramatically, and most children are unable to go to school. A comprehensive survey conducted earlier this year by IFPRI’ Sudan Strategy Support Program and the United Nations Development Programme provides […]

Famines and Fragility: Making humanitarian, developmental, and peacebuilding responses work
Series/Special Event

 | 

June 11, 2024, 9:30 – 11:15 am

Famines and Fragility: Making humanitarian, developmental, and peacebuilding responses work

Virtual Event: June 11, 2024 – 9:30 AM- 11:15 AM EDT. This seminar will take stock of what we know of key drivers about protracted food crises and persistent fragility and about the obstacles to successful HDP action.

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News

November 12, 2024 | Press Release

New Study: Short-term humanitarian aid alone insufficient to address severe deterioration in employment, income, access to essential services and food security.

Economic revival, social protection, and infrastructure rehabilitation are critical for urban recovery in Sudan. Nairobi, 12 November 2024 – Eighteen months of war have deeply affected urban households in Sudan: 31 percent have been displaced, full-time employment has plummeted by half, over 70 percent of the urban households in Sudan had all or some of […]

August 13, 2024 | In the News

Sudan’s catastrophe: farmers could offer quick post-war recovery, if peace is found

Despite the stark reality, there is a potential path forward for Sudan, believe IFPRI experts.

July 08, 2024 | In the News

Sudan is now confronting its most severe food security crisis on record (The Conversation Africa)

An op-ed by IFPRI’s Khalid Siddig and Rob Vos analyses Sudan’s ongoing severe food crisis: “After 14 months of escalating internal conflict, Sudan is now confronting its most severe food security crisis on record. The latest situation report, released on 27 June, reveals a grim picture: more than half the population of 47.2 million is […]

View all News

Projects

The Water Energy Food Nexus

The Water Energy Food Nexus

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